Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that affects the ovaries, which are two small, almond-shaped organs located in the female reproductive system. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone. Ovarian cancer can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are often subtle and may not appear until the cancer has progressed to a later stage.
Symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:
- Abdominal pain or bloating
- Changes in bowel movements or urinary habits
- Feeling full quickly when eating
- Unexplained weight loss or gain
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Pain during sex
- Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods or after menopause
- Fatigue
It is important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other, less serious conditions. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation and diagnosis.
Diagnosis of ovarian cancer may involve a combination of physical exams, imaging tests, and biopsies. Physical exams may include a pelvic exam, during which the healthcare provider checks the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries for any abnormalities. Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan, can help to visualize the inside of the abdomen and pelvis. Biopsies, in which a small sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope, can confirm the presence of cancer.
If ovarian cancer is diagnosed, treatment will depend on the stage of the cancer and the overall health of the patient. The stages of ovarian cancer are indicated by Roman numerals I through IV, with stage I being the earliest stage and stage IV being the most advanced.
Treatment options for ovarian cancer may include:
- Surgery: Surgery is the most common treatment for ovarian cancer. The type of surgery will depend on the stage of the cancer and may include a total hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and cervix), removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, and removal of lymph nodes and other surrounding tissue. In some cases, a debulking surgery may be performed to remove as much of the cancer as possible.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It is usually given after surgery to help kill any remaining cancer cells. It may also be used as a first-line treatment for advanced stages of ovarian cancer.
- Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy is a newer type of treatment that uses drugs to target specific abnormalities in cancer cells. It may be used in combination with chemotherapy to improve the effectiveness of treatment.
- Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams, such as X-rays, to kill cancer cells. It may be used after surgery to help kill any remaining cancer cells, or it may be used to help alleviate symptoms caused by advanced stages of ovarian cancer.
It is important to work closely with your healthcare team to determine the best treatment plan for your specific situation.
Prevention of ovarian cancer may include:
- Birth control pills: Using oral contraceptives has been shown to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
- Tubal ligation: Having a tubal ligation, also known as “getting your tubes tied,” can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
- Hysterectomy: Removing the uterus and cervix (total hysterectomy) can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
- Genetic testing: If you have a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, you may be at an increased risk for developing ovarian